O-Band Fiber Amplifier (PDFA)


  • Distortion-Free Amplification
  • Integrated Industry-Standard 980 nm Pump Module
  • Ripple-Free Gain Spectrum

PDFA100

Benchtop PDFA

50 Gbaud/s PAM4 Eye Diagram from the PDFA100 with Input Power of -3 dBm and Output Power of 10 dBm
See the PDFA vs. SOA Tab for Details

PDFA100X

PXIe Plug-In Module

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PDFA Output Power
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Typical gain spectrum for the PDFA100 and PDFA100X optical amplifiers. A complete set of performance graphs is available on the Graphs tab.

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BU Leader, Fiber Lasers

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PDFA Internal Schematic
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Operating Principle of the PDFA

Features

  • Operating Wavelength Range: 1280 - 1330 nm (O-Band)
  • >24 dB Small Signal Gain
  • >16 dBm Saturation Output Power
  • Typical Noise Figure of 6 dB
  • Minimal Signal Latency
  • Operates in Constant Current, Power, or Gain Modes
  • Telecom Industry-Standard 980 nm Pump Modules
  • No Cross-Gain Modulation, Pattern Dependence, or Modulation Format Dependence
  • Available as a Benchtop System or Plug-In PXIe Module
  • OEM and Customization Options Available; See the OEM Capabilities Tab or Contact Us for Details
  • Optional Gain-Flattening Filter Sold Below

Applications

  • 400G and 800G Transceiver Testing
  • Overload Testing of O-Band Receivers
  • O-Band CWDM Transceiver Testing
  • Silicon Photonic Device Characterization in O-Band
  • O-Band Signal Transmission for Data Communications

Thorlabs' O-Band Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (PDFAs) offer high gain (>24 dB small signal gain), high output power (>16 dBm), and a low noise figure (<7 dB), making them ideal for use within optical networks as either a booster amplifier or preamplifier. As Praseodymium (Pr) ions in silica transition to a lower excited state nonradiatively, PDFAs cannot be built using silica fibers. A higher radiative transition efficiency can be obtained by choosing fluoride glass as the host for the Pr ions, and Thorlabs' PDFAs are designed and manufactured using proprietary fluoride fiber to achieve high gain and output power. Please see the PDF Emission tab for more information on light emission in Pr-doped fluoride fibers (PDF). These O-band fiber amplifiers incorporate a relatively short length of PDF, which results in a signal latency <100 ns.

Fiber amplifier technology offers key advantages over semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) when used for boosting communication signals. Distortion effects typically associated with the saturation mechanism and gain dynamics of SOAs do not exist in praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers (PDFAs), leading to improved compatibility with wavelength division multiplexed systems, advanced modulation formats, and high data rates. In particular, undesirable distortion effects such as cross-gain modulation and pattern dependence are eliminated in the PDFA as a result of its high saturation energy and slow gain dynamics. The PDFA gain dynamics are independent of pulse shape or modulation format due to a long upper-state lifetime that leads to negligible cross-talk between adjacent channels. For a comparison between the resulting PDFA and SOA eye diagrams, please see the PDFA vs. SOA tab. Featuring a ripple-free, or flat, gain spectrum, the PDFA produces uniform gain over a number of channels, which eliminates channel mismatches at the end of a link. The resulting clean, stable output is ideal for improving the power budget in data center applications.

As shown in the schematic to the right, the main components of a PDFA include a wavelength-division multiplexer (WDM), input and output isolators, and a PDF. The WDM is used to combine the 980 nm pump laser and O-band signal light before the PDF, while the isolators, which only allow light to travel in one direction, prevent lasing by minimizing back reflections. The input and output isolators also serve to prevent any spontaneous emission signal from entering the amplifier and the pump light from exiting the O-band optical amplifier, respectively.

The O-band fiber amplifier system is available in two form-factors: a benchtop system (Item # PDFA100) and a plug-in PXIe module (Item # PDFA100X). Both systems have identical optical performance. The PDFA100X module is designed to be operated inside a standard PXIe chassis.

Operation Modes
The PDFAs can be operated in three modes: automatic current control (ACC), automatic power control (APC), and automatic gain control (AGC). ACC mode drives the pump current in the PDFA at a fixed current level and is accessible through the front panel of the PDFA100 amplifier or a command through the computer connected to the chassis the PDFA100X module is in. The user can vary the gain and output power level of the instrument by adjusting the pump current level. These O-band fiber amplifiers can also be operated in APC or AGC mode, which maintain fixed output power or fixed gain, respectively. Note that for the PDFA100 amplifier, these two operation modes are only accessible through a command-line interface; the unit can be connected to a PC via the USB port on the back panel of the instrument.

The command line interface can also be used to enable or disable the PDFA100 amplifier, set the current level in the ACC mode, or read status indicators. The indicators available through the USB interface include temperature error, interlock status, and emission status. For more details on these features, please refer to the instrument manual.

For applications that require PDFAs with custom form factors, power consumption, or optical specifications, please contact us. Thorlabs also offers Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (YDFAs) and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs), which operate in the 1025 - 1075 nm and 1530 - 1565 nm (C-band) wavelength ranges, respectively.

Gain Flattening Filter
To flatten the gain spectrum of the PDFA100(X) fiber amplifier for applications that require equal gain across a wide spectral range, Thorlabs offers a gain flattening filter (sold separately below). The filter is offered in an SM model for compatibility with both O-band fiber amplifier form factors.

OEM Capabilities
For OEM customers, the PDFA100X module can be adapted to fit conveniently into other platforms; the 100 mm x 164 mm x 38 mm amplifier module core sets the minimum dimensions required. The front panel can be customized or eliminated entirely to suit the user's needs. The rear panel is also configurable for the user's power and communication protocols. See the OEM Capabilities tab for more details.

Amplifier Specificationsa
Operating Wavelength Rangeb 1280 - 1330 nm (O-Band)
Input Power Range -30 to 10 dBm
Output Power (@ 3 dBm Input Power)c,d >16 dBm
Small Signal Gain (@ -30 dBm Input Power)c >24 dB
Noise Figure (@ -30 dBm Input Power)c <7 dB (6 dB Typ.)
Signal Latency (Input - Output) <100 ns
Pump Laser 980 nm
Laser Class 1M
  • Specifications are taken at 100% pump current set-point for the PDFA100 amplifier, or at maximum current/power/gain set-point for the PDFA100X module. SMF-28 Ultra fiber patch cables with FC/APC connectors are used at the input and output.
  • The wavelength range over which the small signal gain (at -30 dBm input power) does not fall below 10 dB.
  • Specified at 1310 nm. Please see the Graphs tab for typical curves showing the variation of each parameter.
  • Please refer to the Graphs tab for the scaling of the output power vs. the input power.
Fiber Specifications
Polarization-Dependent Gain <0.5 dB
Return Loss at Input Port >50 dB
Input / Output Isolation >30 dB
Input / Output Fiber Type Single Mode
Input / Output Fiber Connectors FC/APC Compatible, 2.0 mm Narrow Key
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Absolute Maximum Input Power 10 mW (10 dBm)
Absolute Maximum Output Power 150 mW (22 dBm)
Operating Temperature 5 to 45 °C
Storage Temperature -10 to 40 °C

 

General Specifications
Item # PDFA100 PDFA100X
Input Voltage 100 - 240 VAC, 50 - 60 Hz -
Input Power 20 W (Max) -
Fuse Rating 2 A, 250 V -
Fuse Type Time-Lag (Slow-Blow) -
Fuse Size 5 mm x 20 mm -
Electrical Power
(From PXIe Chassis)
- 12 W (1 A @ 12 V)a
Dimensions (W x D x H) 250.0 x 300.0 x 122.2 mm
(9.84" x 11.81" x 4.81")
128.7 x 40.3 x 207.2 mm
(5.07” X 1.59” X 8.16”)
Weight 3.4 kg (7.5 lbs) 0.45 kg (1 lb)
  • Typical power consumption under standard laboratory environmental conditions. Instantaneous current up to 3 A is possible upon power-up.

Performance Graphs

Performance may vary from unit to unit; this data reflects the typical performance of our PDFAs, and is presented for reference only. The guaranteed specifications are shown in the Specs tab.


Wavelength Dependence

PDFA Gain
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Click for Raw Data
The typical gain as a function of the wavelength. The blue-shaded region denotes the specified operating wavelength range. Data is measured with the pump level set at 100% (Item # PDFA100) or 1200 mA (Item # PDFA100X).
PDFA Noise Figure
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Click for Raw Data
The typical noise figure as a function of the wavelength. The blue-shaded region denotes the specified operating wavelength range. Data is measured with the pump level set at 100% (Item # PDFA100) or 1200 mA (Item # PDFA100X).

Input Power and Pump Level Dependence at 1310 nm

PDFA Output Power
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Click for Raw Data
The typical output power as a function of input power at 1310 nm. Data is measured with the pump level set at 100% (Item # PDFA100) or 1200 mA (Item # PDFA100X).
PDFA Output Power
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Click for Raw Data
The typical noise figure as a function of input power at 1310 nm. Data is measured with the pump level set at 100% (Item # PDFA100) or 1200 mA (Item # PDFA100X).
PDFA Gain vs. Pump Level
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Click for Raw Data
The typical gain as a function of input power at 1310 nm. Data is measured with the pump level set at 100% (Item # PDFA100) or 1200 mA (Item # PDFA100X).
PDFA Gain vs. Pump Level
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Click for Raw Data
The typical PDFA100(X) gain as a function of pump level at 1310 nm. Please note that the pump current in the PDFA100X module is specified in mA as opposed to percentage. The maximum current in the PDFA100X module is 1200 mA, and all current values can be converted to percentage by normalizing the value to the 1200 mA maximum.

ASE Power Spectral Density Spectrum

PDFA ASE Spectrum
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Click for Raw Data
The typical amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) power spectral density spectrum. Total ASE power for a typical unit is about 2 mW. Data is measured with the pump level set at 100% (Item # PDFA100) or 1200 mA (Item # PDFA100X).

Distortion-Free Amplification

SOA Eye Diagram
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50 Gbaud/s Eye Diagram for a Commerically Available SOA with Input Power of -3 dBm and Output Power of 10 dBm
PDFA Eye Diagram
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50 Gbaud/s Eye Diagram for the PDFA100 Fiber Amplifier with Input Power of -3 dBm and Output Power of 10 dBm

One advantage of Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (PDFAs), in comparison to semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), is their slow gain dynamics. Communication signals include pulse sequences with random patterns. In the simple case of an on-off-keying (OOK) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format, the pulses have identical amplitudes but their width can vary from one bit period (20 ps for 50 Gb/s data rate) to many bit periods, depending on the type of data being transmitted. As a result, if the amplifier gain saturation has a time constant comparable to the bit period, the gain of the amplifier exhibits pattern dependence. This effect can result in severely distorted optical signals when the amplifier is driven into saturation. SOAs typically have carrier lifetimes on the order of tens of picoseconds, and pattern dependence is observed at standard communication data rates when they are driven into saturation. In contrast, PDFAs have an upper-state lifetime in the millisecond range, which makes them immune to this pattern dependence. This distinguishing characteristic between SOAs and fiber amplifiers has been previously studied for OOK with return-to-zero (RZ) and NRZ modulation formats1. Signal distortion becomes a more severe issue in modern modulation formats, such as 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4).

The two diagrams shown above are measured by amplifying a 50 GBaud/s PAM4 signal with a 27-1 pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) using both a Thorlabs' PDFA100 amplifier (left) and a commercially available SOA (right). The input power from both amplifiers is set at -3 dBm, output power from both amplifiers is set to 10 dBm, and the output signal from each amplifier is attenuated and sent into a high-speed receiver. A comparison of the two diagrams illustrates that the PDFA produces an open eye diagram with minimal distortion, while the SOA saturation dynamics cause significant distortion to the eye diagram. These eye diagrams were measured using Thorlabs' MX65E-1310 65 GHz Linear Reference Transmitter and RXM40AF Ultrafast Receiver. The PDFA100X module will provide the same optical performance as the PDFA100 benchtop unit.


Footnotes

  1. R. C. Schimmel, R. J.W. Jonker, P. K. van Bennekom, Giok-Djan Khoe, and H. de Waardt, "Experimental assessment of 1.3-µm telecommunication systems incorporating a praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier (PDFA)," Proc. SPIE 4833, Applications of Photonic Technology 5, 2003.

The Praseodymium-Doped Fluoride Fiber Amplifier (PDFA) achieves signal gain through stimulated emission, which is when an incident photon causes an excited-state ion to relax to a lower energy state by emitting a photon. For this fiber amplifier, silica cannot be used as the host material because the excited state decays to the ground state nonradiatively via phonon relaxation. Materials with lower phonon energies, such as fluorides or chalcogenide glasses, are more suitable hosts. Thorlabs uses proprietary fluoride fiber doped with the rare-earth metal praseodymium to generate radiative emission and achieve signal gain.

PDFA OutPut Power
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Schematics showing Pr3+ ion excitation and emission processes. 3H4, 3H5, and 1G4 are the ground, intermediate, and excited energy levels, respectively.

Stimulated Emission in the PDFA
The excitation and relaxation process in the Pr3+ ion behaves like a three-level system involving the ground state 3H4, metastable state 1G4, and intermediate state 3H5. In particular, when a ground state Pr3+ ion is pumped with a laser, the ion is excited to a metastable state with a long lifetime on the order of hundreds of microseconds. This long lifetime allows for population inversion, which means that the number of ions in the metastable state builds up and becomes larger than the number of ions in the ground state. The ion sits in the metastable state until a signal photon, with an energy matching the energy difference between the excited state and intermediate state, causes the ion to relax down to its ground state by photon emission. For the Pr3+ ion, this energy corresponds to a wavelength around 1310 nm. The ion then fully decays to the ground state through nonradiative phonon relaxation. Absorption and stimulated emission, as well as the relevant energy states, are illustrated in the first two panels of the schematic to the right.

Note that the electronic states of the Pr3+ ion are energy bands and not discrete energy levels, and there is a range of wavelengths the emission processes occur over, i.e. the PDFA bandwidth. This is as a result of the Stark-splitting caused by the local electric fields from the surrounding host lattice acting on the Pr3+ ion, as well as site-to-site variation within the amorphous host.

Stimulated vs. Spontaneous Emission
Signal amplification occurs when the ion relaxes via stimulated emission because one signal photon in results in two signal photons out; this second photon has the same energy, phase, and direction as the incident signal photon (coherent radiation). If the excited ion is not triggered during the span of the metastable state lifetime, the ions relax on their own via spontaneous emission. As shown in the last panel of the schematic, these photons have random phase and direction. While most of the photons generated by spontaneous emission will leave through the sides of the fiber, some propagate through the fiber core and experience signal gain, resulting in noise called amplified spontaneous emission (ASE).

PDFA100 Front and Back Panels

PDFA Back Panel
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PDFA100 Back Panel
PDFA Front Panel
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PDFA100 Front Panel
Back Panel
Callout Description
1 USB Port for Diagnostics and Remote Interface
2 AC Power Cord Connector
3 Fuse Tray
4 AC Power Switch
5 Remote Interlock Input (BNC)
Front Panel
Callout Description
1 Push-Button Power Switch
2 Display to Show Pump Level, Temperature Status, and Emission Status
3 Control Knob to Adjust Pump Laser Current
4 Amplifier Enable Switch and Emission Indicator
5 Optical Output for Single Mode FC/APC Fiber Connector
6 Optical Input for Single Mode FC/APC Fiber Connector

PDFA100X Front Panel

Callout Description
1 Output Enable Key-Lock Switch
2 Remote Interlock Connector: SMB Female
3 Output: FC/APC
4 Input: FC/APC

The PDFA100 contains the following components:

  • Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier in Benchtop Package
  • Interlock-Shorting BNC Connector
  • Region-Specific Power Cord
  • USB Cable
  • FBC250 Connector and Bulkhead Cleaner

The PDFA100X contains the following components:

  • Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier in PXIe-Compatible Module Package
  • Key to Activate Module

Click to Enlarge

PDFA100X Standard Module Package

Reza Salem
BU Leader, Fiber Lasers

Need a Quote?

Contact Me

PDFA Module for OEM Applications

For OEM customers, the PDFA100X package can be adapted to fit conveniently into other platforms; the 100 mm x 164 mm x 38 mm amplifier module core sets the minimum dimensions required.

All PDFAs integrate telecom-grade 980 nm pump lasers for reliable long-term operation and maximal uptime.

The PDFA100X front panel can be customized or eliminated entirely to suit the user's needs. The rear panel is also configurable for the user's power and communication protocols.

Contact us to discuss your OEM module.

Fluoride Glass Characteristics

Fluoride fibers, used throughout the PDFA, are ideal for transmission in the mid-IR wavelength range and have lower refractive indices and lower chromatic dispersion than other fibers that transmit in this range, such as chalcogenide glass fibers. The heavy glass matrix of fluoride glass avoids quenching certain transitions in rare-earth-doped glass, which underlie the gain mechanism of the PDFA.

Thorlabs' Fluoride Fiber Manufacturing

The fluoride fiber used in our PDFA is manufactured at our fiber draw facility, located in Newton, NJ. The vertically integrated facility is well-equipped for high-volume manufacturing and is capable of producing many kilometers of fiber per year, enabling production of hundreds of amplifiers in the same time frame. In addition, because the fiber stays within Thorlabs' facilities from start to finish, the manufacturing parameters can be adjusted to accommodate unique custom orders or R&D needs.

Thorlabs' stringent manufacturing processes yield low attenuation over the mid-IR range as well as an extremely low hydroxyl ion (OH) content. Our tight quality control allows us to mitigate scattering and point defects in the fiber and to eliminate micro-crystallization in the glass matrix, which would otherwise reduce the performance of the fiber amplifier.

Click here to learn more about our in-house fluoride fiber manufacturing.


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A Glass Drop During the Fiber Draw Process

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Rare-Earth-Doped Fluoride Glass Preforms

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Benchtop O-Band Fiber Amplifier

PDFA100 Front Panel
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Front Panel of the PDFA100 Allows Turnkey Operation
  • Turnkey Operation
  • FC/APC Input and Output Connectors
  • Benchtop Package with Display Screen

Each PDFA100 O-Band Optical Amplifier is enclosed in a compact benchtop package with FC/APC (2.0 mm narrow key) input and output connectors. The instrument's front panel includes an adjustment knob for tuning the pump current of the PDFA. This device also features a display screen that shows the pump level, as well as the temperature and emission status. To show when the internal laser is active, an indicator LED is included on the enable button; this will blink rapidly for three seconds before the amplifier turns on. Closed-loop operation allows this device to operate in constant power and constant gain modes using a command-line interface via USB connection with a PC.

For additional safety, the user may connect an interlock circuit to the BNC connector on the rear panel. The PDFA100 amplifier uses a universal power supply allowing operation over 100 - 240 VAC without the need to select the line voltage. A region-specific power cord is included.

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O-Band Fiber Amplifier Module

PDFA100X in Chassis
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Four PDFA100X Modules in a PXI-Compatible Chassis
  • Compact PXIe Packaging
  • Identical Optical Performance to the PDFA100 Benchtop Amplifier
  • Customizable Front and Back Panel (Contact Us for Details)

The PDFA100X PXI Express (PXIe) Plug-In Module offers identical optical performance to the PDFA100 benchtop amplifier. This PXIe module offers seamless integration into new or existing PXI test and measurement setups and is compatible with a broad range of existing electrical and optical plug-in modules. Additionally, the small form-factor of the PDFA100X's 2-slot PXI card saves space, power consumption, and cost especially when multiple PDFA modules are required to operate in parallel. The module is ready to use when plugged into any PXIe-compatible chassis (not sold by Thorlabs). The image to the right shows an example where four PDFA100X amplifiers are plugged into a 9-slot chassis.

The PDFA100X module is fully controlled through the PXI chassis using a PXI controller module and can be recognized as a serial port on a computer allowing serial communications with the device. A list of control commands are available through the PDFA100X manual. Additionally, a LabVIEW interface, which can operate multiple PDFA cards plugged into one PXIe chassis, can be provided upon request. Please contact applications@thorlabs.com with any inquiries.

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PDFA100XO-Band Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier, Single Mode, PXIe Module
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Gain Flattening Filter for PDFA100(X) Amplifiers

GFFP13 Gain versus Wavelength
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The average gain response of the PDFA100(X) amplifier with and without the GFFP13 gain flattening filter for different input powers. The blue-shaded region indicates the gain-flattening wavelength range. The filter is optimal for a -10 dBm input power; the gain flatness improves from ~8 dB (solid red line) to <1 dB with the filter (dashed red line). The gain flatness at -20 dBm input power is also improved as shown above. The gain spectrum with 0 dBm input power (solid blue line) is overcorrected by the filter, yielding a similar flatness level (dashed blue line).
  • Flatten Gain Spectrum of PDFA100(X) Series O-Band Fiber Amplifiers
  • 1270 - 1330 nm Operating Wavelength Range
  • Optimized for a -10 dBm Input Power
  • Available in SM Version

Thorlabs' GFFP13 Gain Flattening Filter is designed for use with the PDFA100 series O-band praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers (PDFAs). The filter uses SMF-28 fiber and is compatible with both the PDFA100 and PDFA100X amplifiers. This filter is intended to be connected to the output port of the PDFA and is designed to flatten the gain spectrum of the fiber amplifiers for applications that require equal gain across a wide spectral range. The gain spectrum of the PDFAs depends on the input power level with the gain variations increasing over the operating wavelength range as the input power is decreased. The design transmission curve of the filter, given below, flattens the gain of the PDFA100 series at -10 dBm input power.

One of the key specifications for the gain flattening filter is the peak-to-peak error function, which is defined as the difference between the measured transmission curve (in dB) and the design transmission curve (in dB). Each filter will have a transmission profile that deviates from the design curve to some level, and the error function captures this variation over the wavelength range. The peak-to-peak error function is a single valued specification defined as the difference between the maximum error function and the minimum error function. That value in dB is given in the specs table below.

The plot to the right shows the typical PDFA100 amplifier gain versus wavelength for three different input power levels (0 dBm, -10 dBm, and -20 dBm). The filter is designed to provide optimal gain flatness at a -10 dBm input power level, as seen in the gain plot to the right. The gain flatness at -10 dBm input power over the 1270 - 1330 nm wavelength range is improved from ~8 dB without the filter to <1 dB after placing the GFFP13 filter. Similarly, the gain flatness at -20 dBm input power can be improved from ~10 dB to <5 dB over the same wavelength range by adding the filter. Since the gain spectrum of the PDFA100 amplifier for 0 dBm input power level is more flat than the gain spectrum at -10 dBm, the gain flattening filter overcorrects the spectrum yielding a similar overall flatness to the spectrum without using the GFFP13 filter.

Item # GFFP13
Wavelength Rangea
(Click for Design Profile)
1270 nm - 1330 nm
Insertion Lossb <0.8 dB
Peak-to-Peak Error Function <0.6 dB
Polarization-Dependent Loss <0.1 dB
Return Loss >50 dB
Connector Type FC/APC
Fiber Type
SMF-28 In White Ø900 μm Tubing
Compatible Amplifier PDFA100(X)
  • While the filter's design profile and specifications are defined from 1270 - 1330 nm, the filter is designed for optimal gain flatness from 1278 nm to 1328 nm for a -10 dBm input.
  • Insertion loss is the inherent loss through the device at the wavelength in the design profile where the transmission is at its maximum (e.g. 0 dB in the Design Profile graph).
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